Daily consumption of a mangosteen-based drink improves in vivo antioxidant and anti-inflammatory biomarkers in healthy adults: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial

Introduction

Mangosteen is a tropical plant cultivated in areas such as Indonesia, Malaysia, Sri Lanka, Philippines, and Thailand. It has been consumed as fruit, juice and used as traditional medicine. Mangosteen has been used to treat skin infections and diarrhea. Recent scientific studies suggest that mangosteen possesses strong antioxidant, anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic, anti-microbial, and anti-malarial properties (Gutierrez-Orozco and Failla 2013). Xanthone and vitamins in mangosteen are considered the major active components. Mangosteen extracts and xanthones from mangosteen were reported to scavenge 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,20-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS), and peroxynitrite radicals (Yoshikawa et al. 1994; Jung et al. 2006; Haruenkit et al. 2007). Mangosteen was able to reduce LDL oxidation in vitro (Williams et al. 1995). Extracts of mangosteen protected against neural damage exposed to hydrogen peroxide on a neuroblastoma cell line (Weecharangsan et al. 2006). In a rat study, α-mangostin was able to attenuate the lipid peroxidation and damage of the antioxidant-defense system during injury-induced myocardial infarction (Sampath and Vijayaragavan 2008). In a clinical trial, we demonstrated a short-term increased antioxidant capacity and availability of mangosteen and vitamin B2 and B5 after a single dose oral administration of mangosteen drink (Kondo et al. 2009).

Chronic inflammation has been associated with cardiovascular diseases, cancer, diabetes, chronic lower respiratory disease, stroke, Alzheimer’s disease, and nephritis. The annual death owing to these diseases was over 20 million worldwide in 2012 (WHO 2014). Chronic inflammation can be triggered by cellular stress and dysfunction, such as oxidative stress, elevated blood glucose levels, and excessive calorie consumption. Extracts and isolated compounds from mangosteen have been reported to attenuate proinflammatory response (Chairungsrilerd et al. 1996; Nakatani et al. 2002, 2004; Pongphasuk et al. 2003; Chen et al. 2008; Udani et al. 2009). γ-Mangostin has been reported to suppress inflammation in vitro by inhibiting the spontaneous PGE2 release and inhibit the expression of COX-2 (Nakatani et al. 2002, 2004). Chen et al. investigated the anti-inflammatory activity of α-manogstin and γ-mangostin and discovered that the activity was achieved through the inhibition of nitric oxide synthase (Chen et al. 2008). These two compounds were also found to block histamine H1 receptor in isolated rabbit thoracic aorta and guinea-pig trachea to block the effect of histamine, a regulator in the inflammatory response (Chairungsrilerd et al. 1996). Pongphasuk et al. discovered significant decrease of paw swelling in mice and albino rats in an inflammatory model (Pongphasuk et al. 2003). Udani et al. evaluated the mangosteen juice blend on biomarkers of inflammation in obese humans and found that C-reactive protein (CRP) was reduced (Udani et al. 2009). Gutierrez-Orozco and Failla summarized the current progress on anti-inflammatory research of mangosteen extracts, compounds, and products (Gutierrez-Orozco and Failla 2013). However, clinical trials focusing on anti-inflammatory effect of mangosteen are limited.

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The evidence of health-promoting effectiveness of mangosteen is promising, which warrants our investigation on its long-term benefits in a clinical trial. In this study, we investigated the health effects of a functional beverage-containing mangosteen extract and other phytonutrients by measuring its impact on antioxidant status, inflammatory biomarker, and the immune responses in 60 health adults. The aim of this work was to determine the health benefits, as well as safety for consumption of mangosteen-based beverage.

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